Number by Colors

I: Color Physics, Physiology, Psychology.- 1 Spectral Analysis.- Introduction—Spectral Analysis.- Questions About Spectral Analysis.- Generating Waves.- Constructing a Harmonic Oscillator.- Sine Waves.- Waves in Space.- Sound Waves.- Analyzing Waves.- Power Spectra.- Calculating Power Spectra.- Light waves.- Electromagnetic Radiation.- Photons.- Light Definitions.- Summary—Spectral Analysis.- Responses to Questions About Spectral Analysis.- References.- 2 Eye, Ear, and Brain.- Introduction—Eye, Ear, and Brain.- Questions About Eye, Ear, and Brain.- The Ear—Sensing Sound.- The Physiology of the Ear.- The Five Dimensions of Sound.- The 3D + S +t Field.- The Spatial (X,Y) Dimensions.- The Depth (Z) Dimension.- The Sound Dimension.- The Time (t) Dimension.- The Ear—Summary.- The Eye—Sensing Light.- Sensing Light.- The Physiology of the Eye.- The Parts of the Eye.- The Photosensors: Rods and Cones.- The Visual Pathway and the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.- The Five Dimensions of Light.- The 3D + C + t Field.- The Spatial (X,Y) Dimensions.- The Depth (Z) Dimension.- The Time (t) Dimension.- The Light Dimension.- Summary—The Eye and the Brain.- Responses to Questions About Eye, Ear, and Brain.- References.- 3 Light Spectra to RGB.- Introduction—Light Spectra to RGB.- Questions About Light Spectra to RGB.- Sensing the Light Spectra.- Sensing Reflected Light.- Color Constancy.- Colorblindness.- Summary—Light Spectra to RGB.- Responses to Questions About Light Spectra to RGB.- References.- 4 Hue, Saturation, Intensity.- Introduction—Hue, Saturation, Intensity.- Questions About Hue, Saturation, Intensity.- Dueling Theories of Color Perception.- The Young-Helmholtz Theory.- The Herring Theory.- The Modern Synthesis.- Defining Hue, Saturation, Intensity.- Intensity.- Intensity, Brightness, Reflectivity.- Perception Versus Physics.- Old Movies.- Hue.- Saturation.- A Laser and Floodlight.- Non-Rainbow Colors.- A Missing Pure Hue.- Brown.- Color Temperature.- When RGB, When HSI?.- Producing Colors in RGB.- Describing Colors in HSI.- Summary—Defining Colors.- Responses to Questions About Hue, Saturation, Intensity.- References.- II: Color Technology.- 5 Defining Colors—The CIE Color Diagram.- Introduction—The CIE Color Diagram.- Questions for Defining Colors—The CIE Color Diagram.- From Three Dimensions to Two.- The Color Cube.- The Color Circle and Color Triangle.- Selecting the Primary Colors.- Response Curves for Color Cube.- Light Spectra for Color Cube.- The CIE 1931 Diagram.- Why X,Y,Z?.- CIE 1976.- Describing and Mixing Colors on the CIE.- Describing Colors on the CIE.- Mixing Colors on the CIE.- Primary Colors on the CIE.- More Adventures on the CIE.- White Points.- Colorblindness.- What about Intensity?.- What the CIE Cannot Do.- Reproducing the CIE.- Summary.- Responses to Questions for the CIE Color Diagram.- References.- 6 Defining Colors—Color Models.- Introduction—Defining Colors—Color Models.- Questions for Color Models.- Additive Versus Subtractive Color Models.- Two Greens Make a Green.- Two Greens Make a Black.- Cyan and Yellow Make Green.- Making Pink.- Further Adventures of Subtractive Color.- Complementary Colors and the Color Circle.- Why White and Red make Pink.- Subtractive Colors on the CIE.- Subtractive Primaries.- The Color Models.- The RGB Color Model.- The CMY and CMYK Color Models.- The RYB Color Model.- The YIQ Color Model.- The HSI, HSV, HSB, and HLS Color Models.- Summary.- Responses to Questions.- References.- 7 Reproducing Colors—Fundamentals.- Introduction—Reproducing Colors.- Questions About Reproducing Colors—Fundamentals.- Pixels.- Pixels and Dots per Inch.- Rectangular Pixels.- Resolutions.- Continuous Versus Discrete.- Spatial and Intensity Resolutions.- Gamma Correction.- The Need for Gamma Correction.- Other Uses for Gamma Correction.- Halftones.- What is a Halftone?.- Making a Halftone.- Lines per Inch and Dots per Inch.- Digital Halftones.- Making Digital Halftones.- How Many Intensities?.- Clustered Dot Dithering.- Clustered Dot Dither.- The Dither Matrix.- Single Pixel Dithering.- Two Methods of One Pixel per Dot.- Ordered Dither.- Error Diffusion.- Summary.- Response to Questions.- References.- 8 Reproducing Colors—Technologies.- Introduction—Reproducing Colors—Technologies.- Questions About Reproducing Colors: Technologies.- Photography.- Black&White Photography.- Color Photography.- Maintaining Color Balance.- The Photographic Standard.- Printing Presses, Halftones, and Process Color.- Letterpress Printing.- Offset Printing.- Comparing Letterpress to Offset.- Photographic Halftones.- Color Printing.- Process Color Versus Spot Color.- Duotones.- Computer Monitors, Video, and Television.- The Prehistory of Television.- Cathode Ray Tubes.- Color Television.- Television Standards.- Interlacing and Future Television Standards.- Video Standards.- Computer Monitors.- The Shape of Video Pixels.- Gamut and Resolution of Monitors.- Computer Printers, Copiers, and Fax Machines.- Impact Printers.- InkJet Printers.- Thermal Printers.- Electrostatic (Laser) Printers.- Phototypesetters.- Thermal Dye Diffusion.- Summary.- Answers to Questions About Reproducing Colors: Technologies.- References.- III: Color on Computers.- 9 Numbers in Computers.- Introduction—Numbers in Computers.- Questions About Numbers in Computers.- Bits, Bytes, and Signs.- Unsigned Bytes.- Signed Bytes.- Hexadecimal Representations.- Integers and Fixed-Point Numbers.- Short Integers and Long Integers.- Fixed-Point Numbers.- Working with Integers and Fixed-Point Numbers.- Range of Values Considerations.- Truncation Error.- Byte Order.- Floating-Point Numbers.- Single-Precision Floating-Point Numbers.- Single-Precision Floating-Point Range of Values.- Single-Precision Floating-Point Numerical Precision.- Double-Precision Floating-Point Numbers.- ASCII Text Numbers.- ASCII Characters.- ASCII Text Strings.- ASCII Numbers.- ASCII Delimiters.- Storing a Position but Not a Number.- Fixed Format Delimited Files.- ASCII Line Separators.- Working with ASCII Text Numbers.- Computational Resources.- Range of Values.- Numerical Precision.- The Data Universe.- Data Values, Locations, and Dimensions.- Defining Data Location.- The Dimensionality of Data.- Adding a Dimension.- Organizing Data Storage.- Column Data.- 2D Matrix Data.- 3D Matrix Data.- Polygonal Data.- Summary—Numbers in Computers.- Responses to Questions About Numbers in Computers.- References.- 10 Color in Computers—Fundamentals.- Introduction—Color in Computers—Fundamentals.- Questions About Color in Computers—Fundamentals.- Color, True Color, Index Color.- Color in Computers.- The 24-Bit RGB Way.- Problems with RGB.- True Color Images.- Interleaving.- Index Color Images.- Index Color and Colortables.- Problems with Index Color.- Colortables.- System Colortables.- What is a System Colortable?.- System Colortables and Image Colortables.- Remapping Colortables.- A Remapping Example.- Making the Closest Match.- Problems with the Closest Match.- Creating Optimum Colortables.- Constructing an Optimum System Colortable.- Constructing an Optimum Image Colortable.- Shrinking a Colortable.- Summary.- Answers to Questions About Color in Computers—Fundamentals.- References.- 11 Color by Numbers—Using Color to Visualize Data.- Introduction—Color by Numbers.- Questions About Color by Numbers.- Visualizing 2D Arrays as Grayscale Images.- Converting Numbers to Grays.- Using Index Color.- Modifying the Colortable.- An Alternate Method.- Comparison to Gamma Correction Factor.- Pseudocolor and False Color Images.- Pseudocolor Images.- Replacing Grayscale with Pseudocolor.- The Problems of Pseudocolor.- Pseudocolor Images Versus Color Images.- False Color Images.- Putting It All Together—Color Guidelines.- Color Rules to Live By.- To Color or Not to Color.- Choosing Colors.- Choosing Color Combinations.- Technological Considerations.- Creating Pseudocolor Tables.- Why Images Need Lots of Colors.- Pseudocolor Issues.- Choosing a Pseudocolor Colortable.- Pseudocolor Colortable Examples.- Summary—Color by Numbers.- Responses to Questions About Color by Numbers.- References.- Appendix A Science and Graphics Data Formats.- Introduction—Science and Graphics Data Formats.- Questions About Science and Graphics Data Formats.- Graphics Formats.- Home Growing a Bitmap File Format.- Home Growing a Vector File Format.- Bitmap Graphics Formats Versus Vector Graphics Formats.- Scientific Data Formats.- Annotations.- Data Organization.- Organizational Concepts.- Summaries of Selected Graphics and Scientific Data Formats.- Summary—Science and Graphics Data Formats.- Responses to Questions About Science and Graphics Data Formats.- References.