

Gerben Meynen is psychiater en filosoof. Hij is hoogleraar Forensische psychiatrie aan het Willem Pompe Instituut voor Strafrechtswetenschappen, Universiteit Utrecht, en tevens bijzonder hoogleraar Ethiek en psychiatrie aan de Faculteit Geesteswetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Meer over Gerben MeynenLegal Insanity: Explorations in Psychiatry, Law, and Ethics
Ingenaaid Engels 2016 9783319447193Samenvatting
This book examines core issues related to legal insanity, integrating perspectives from psychiatry, law, and ethics. Various criteria for insanity are analyzed and recommendations for forensic psychiatric and legal practice are offered. Many legal systems have an insanity defense, in one form or another. Still, it remains unclear exactly when and why mental disorders affect a person's moral or criminal responsibility. Questions addressed in this book include: Why should insanity be a component of our legal system? What should be the criteria for an insanity defense? What would be the reasons for abolishing it? Who should bear the burden of proof? Furthermore, the book discusses the impact neurosciences may have on psychiatric and psychological evaluations of defendants as well as on legal decisions about insanity.
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juridische ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid strafrecht psychiatrie ethiek forensische psychiatrie criminele verantwoordelijkheid mentale stoornissen m'naghten rule vrije wil rationaliteit neurolaw besluitvormingscapaciteit competenties model penal code morele verantwoordelijkheid rechtsvergelijking irresistible impulse test bewijslast durham rule neurowetenschappen deskundigengetuigenis authenticiteit menselijk brein medisch principe psychopathologie gerechtelijke hervorming geestelijke gezondheid cognitieve functies determinisme gevaarlijkheid
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Specificaties
Lezersrecensies
Inhoudsopgave
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1.1 Theoretical and Practical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Approach and Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Three Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Two Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Differences Between Jurisdictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 Moral and Criminal Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Overview of the Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Legal Insanity Standards: Their Structure and Elements . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Historical Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 The M’Naghten Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 The Irresistible Impulse Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Model Penal Code (American Law Institute) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Product Test or Durham Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.6 Norway: “Medical Principle” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.7 No Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3 Arguments Against the Insanity Defense and Responses . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Past Mental State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3 Expert Testimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 Deterrence Undermined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5 Escape Punishment by Faking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.6 Mental Disorder as Myth or At Least Conceptually Unsound . . . . 52
3.7 Only for the Rich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.8 Lack of Clarity About the Criteria for Insanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.9 We Are All Caused to Act as We Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.10 Stigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
x Contents
3.11 Concerns About the Profession in an Adversarial System . . . . . . . 60
3.12 Too Rare to Be Worth the Trouble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.13 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4 Lack of Free Will and Irrationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1 Free Will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1.1 The Problem of Free Will in Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1.2 Free Will not Relevant to Legal Responsibility? . . . . . . . . 67
4.1.3 Three Meanings of Free Will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1.4 Urges and Free Will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.5 Moral Insensitivity and Free Will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.2 Irrationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.1 A Case for Irrationality as Excusing Condition . . . . . . . . . 80
4.2.2 Vagueness and Craziness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.3 Model Penal Code and Rationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5 Competent and Compromised Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.1 Analogy Between Patient Incompetency and Legal Insanity . . . . . 87
5.1.1 Similarities and Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.2 The Four-Capacities Approach to Competency . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1.3 Incapacities Instead of Mental Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.1.4 An Insanity Standard Based on Criteria for Patient Incompetency? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.1.5 Transcending the Boundaries of Legal Systems . . . . . . . . . 102
5.1.6 Inauthenticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2 Stages of Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.2.1 Three Stages of Decision-Making and Mental Disorders . . . 109
5.2.2 Insanity and the Three-Stage Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6 Neurolaw: Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.1 Neurolaw: Three Domains of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.1.1 Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.1.2 Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.1.3 Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.2 Neuroscience and Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.3 Insanity and the Neuroscience of a Person’s Decision-Making . . . 123
6.4 Neuroscience and the Legal Norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.5 Brain-Based Mind Reading and Insanity Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.6 Reliability of Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.7 Two Neurolaw Cases and the Constellation of Findings . . . . . . . . 134
6.7.1 A Schoolteacher’s Abnormal Behavior: Correlation and Constellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.7.2 Brain Development in Adolescence: Revising a Legal Norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.8 A Complicating Factor: Differences Between Legal Systems . . . . 141
6.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7 Issues to Consider When Revising Legal Insanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.1 Boundaries Between Psychiatry and Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.2 Consistency with Common Morality and Moral Theory . . . . . . . . 147
7.3 Clarity in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.4 The Burden of Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.4.1 What Must Be Proven? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.4.2 Who Bears the Burden of Proof? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.4.3 The Standard of Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.5 The Element of Mental Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.5.1 Mental Disorder as an Explicit Requirement for Insanity . . . 155
7.5.2 Mental Disorder: Medical or Legal?................... 159
7.6 Can the Criteria Be Reliably Tested? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
7.7 Degrees of Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.8 Insanity Does not Imply Dangerousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.9 Similarities and Differences with Respect to Other Legal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.10 Legal Insanity as Part of a System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8 Concluding Observations on the Present and Future of Insanity..... 169
8.1 The Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8.2 The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
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