Part I Setting the scene
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1 The interplay between copyright law and libraries in the digital networked environment 3
2 Central question, scope and terminology 9
3 Outline and approach 13
3.1 Interdisciplinary research: connecting LIS and law 15
3.2 Doctrinal legal research: patterns in copyright law 16
3.3 Comparative and normative legal analysis: principles for a future library privilege 18
Part II The library concept
Chapter 2 Libraries: origins, development, mission and functions 25
1 Introduction 25
2 Origins and historical development of societal position 28
2.1 Origins: ancient libraries 29
2.2 Monastery and university libraries in the Middle Ages (fifth – fifteenth century) 31
2.3 Renaissance libraries and the printing press (fifteenth – seventeenth century) 36
2.4 The Enlightenment and the rise of modern libraries (seventeenth – eighteenth century and further) 41
2.4.1 Libraries during the Enlightenment 41
2.4.2 Traces of the Enlightenment in the establishment of modern libraries 45
2.5 Automated libraries and digital libraries in the Information Age (twentieth – twenty-first century) 47
2.5.1 Library automation and early signs of online libraries 47
2.5.2 Digital libraries: from theoretical concept to reality 49
3 The position of libraries in the current digital networked environment 54
3.1 The evolving concept of ‘libraries’ in LIS 55
3.2 Main types of libraries and their missions: united in diversity 61
3.2.1 University libraries 62
3.2.2 National libraries 63
3.2.3 Public libraries 66
3.2.4 Conclusion 69
3.3 Public task and functions operationalizing the institutional mission and task 70
3.3.1 Public task 70
3.3.2 Organizing functions 84
3.3.3 Operationalizing functions 89
3.4 Overview: normative values of library functioning 101
4 The library’s future role in the digital era 106
4.1 Ongoing developments in the digital networked environment 107
4.2 Challenges and needs with regard to accessibility in (the information) society 111
4.2.1 Practical and physical pressures 111
4.2.2 Digital constraints 113
4.3 Outlook: why libraries will remain important in the future 118
5 Conclusion and assessment framework 120
Part III Copyright law: libraries’ institutional organization, purpose and functions through a copyright lens
Chapter 3 Prelude: the interplay between copyright law and libraries 129
1 Introduction 129
2 Theories on copyright’s rationales: social, cultural and freedom of expression arguments 131
3 Meeting copyright’s objectives by granting exclusive rights 133
4 Copyright is not unlimited I: inherent limits 135
5 Copyright is not unlimited II: statutory exceptions 136
6 Exceptions are not unconditional either 139
7 Library exceptions: mandatory and contractually overridable? 140
8 Conclusion 142
Chapter 4 US copyright law and libraries 145
1 Introduction 145
2 Historical rationales behind the library privilege’s development in the US 146
2.1 The proper treatment of lending 146
2.2 Progressing reprography practices 148
2.3 From photocopying to computer uses 155
3 Current relevant provisions in the US Copyright Act 156
4 Assessment: libraries’ institutional organization, purpose and functions from a US copyright perspective 158
4.1 The characterization of ‘libraries’ under US copyright law: institutional organization 158
4.1.1 Physical location versus access beyond fixed location 159
4.1.2 Local versus remote collection 165
4.1.3 Library staff and local users versus interactivity and remote users 170
4.1.4 Conclusion 171
4.2 US copyright law and the purpose of ‘libraries’ 171
4.2.1 “Ground rules” 172
4.2.2 Service in support of users 173
4.2.3 Public service mission and values 177
4.2.4 Conclusion 180
4.3 How US copyright law facilitates the ‘library’s’ operationalizing functions 181
4.3.1 “Ground rules” 181
4.3.2 Prelude: relationship between Section 107 and Section 108 182
4.3.3 Preservation 185
4.3.4 Access 193
4.3.5 Conclusion 218
5 Conclusion 218
Chapter 5 EU copyright law and libraries 221
1 Introduction 221
2 Historical rationales behind the library privilege’s development in the EU 223
2.1 Reprography and lending: the need for Community action 223
2.2 Concrete action to regulate lending 226
2.3 Towards a digital networked environment 227
3 Current relevant provisions in the EU copyright acquis 229
4 Assessment: libraries’ institutional organization, purpose and functions from an EU copyright perspective 231
4.1 The characterization of ‘libraries’ under EU copyright law: institutional organization 231
4.1.1 Physical location versus access beyond fixed location 232
4.1.2 Local versus remote collection 240
4.1.3 Library staff and local users versus interactivity and remote users 243
4.1.4 Conclusion 244
4.2 EU copyright law and the purpose of ‘libraries’ 245
4.2.1 Service in support of users 245
4.2.2 Public service mission and values 249
4.2.3 Conclusion 255
4.3 How EU copyright law facilitates the ‘library’s’ operationalizing functions 255
4.3.1 Rules of interpretation and effectiveness of exceptions 256
4.3.2 Prelude: the aftermath of the Copyright Directive 257
4.3.3 Preservation 259
4.3.4 Access 268
4.3.5 Conclusion 300
5 Conclusion 300
Chapter 6 German copyright law and libraries 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Historical rationales behind the library privilege’s development in Germany 305
2.1 Increasing lending numbers 305
2.2 Advances in reprography and continued attention for lending 307
2.3 Copyright amendments in the information society 309
3 Current relevant provisions in the German Copyright Act 311
4 Assessment: libraries’ institutional organization, purpose and functions from a German copyright perspective 313
4.1 The characterization of ‘libraries’ under German copyright law: institutional organization 313
4.1.1 Physical location versus access beyond fixed location 313
4.1.2 Local versus remote collection 325
4.1.3 Library staff and local users versus interactivity and remote users 328
4.1.4 Conclusion 330
4.2 German copyright law and the purpose of ‘libraries’ 332
4.2.1 Service in support of users 332
4.2.2 Public service mission and values 336
4.2.3 Conclusion 341
4.3 How German copyright law facilitates the ‘library’s’ operationalizing functions 342
4.3.1 Interpretation of exceptions and beneficiaries 344
4.3.2 Preservation 345
4.3.3 Access 352
4.3.4 Conclusion 380
5 Conclusion 381
Chapter 7 Dutch copyright law and libraries 383
1 Introduction 383
2 Historical rationales behind the library privilege’s development in the Netherlands 384
2.1 Lending: from exhaustion via administrative arrangements to a legal basis 384
2.2 Regulating reprography 386
2.3 Implementing the Rental and Lending Rights Directive and the Copyright Directive 387
3 Current relevant provisions in the Dutch Copyright Act 389
4 Assessment: libraries’ institutional organization, purpose and functions from a Dutch copyright perspective 390
4.1 The characterization of ‘libraries’ under Dutch copyright law: institutional organization 391
4.1.1 Physical location versus access beyond fixed location 391
4.1.2 Local versus remote collection 400
4.1.3 Library staff and local users versus interactivity and remote users 404
4.1.4 Conclusion 406
4.2 Dutch copyright law and the purpose of ‘libraries’ 407
4.2.1 Service in support of users 407
4.2.2 Public service mission and values 410
4.2.3 Conclusion 418
4.3 How Dutch copyright law facilitates the ‘library’s’ operationalizing functions 419
4.3.1 Interpretation of exceptions and beneficiaries 421
4.3.2 Preservation 423
4.3.3 Access 429
4.3.4 Conclusion 449
5 Conclusion 450
Part IV Comparison and conclusions
Chapter 8 Normative assessment 457
1 Introduction 457
2 The library privilege in force: from descriptive patterns to criticisms and solutions 460
2.1 Introduction 460
2.2 Libraries’ institutional organization under copyright law: comparison, criticisms and solutions 462
2.2.1 Comparative state of affairs and criticisms 463
2.2.2 Exploration: proposals for solutions 475
2.3 Libraries’ purpose under copyright law: comparison, criticisms and solutions 481
2.3.1 Comparative state of affairs and criticisms 481
2.3.2 Exploration: proposals for solutions 490
2.4 Libraries’ functions under copyright law: comparison, criticisms and solutions 493
2.4.1 Preservation 495
2.4.2 Access 508
3 Conclusion: towards a future library privilege in copyright law 544
3.1 Institutional organization 545
3.2 Purpose 546
3.3 Functions 547
Chapter 9 Conclusions and recommendations 549
1 Introduction: foundations and substance of a future library privilege 549
2 Implications of the library’s historically developed societal role, its fundamental rights connotations and continued relevance 552
2.1 What we can learn from the library’s historical development 553
2.2 The continued relevance of the library’s main characteristics: institutional organization, purpose, functions 554
2.2.1 Institutional organization 555
2.2.2 Purpose 556
2.2.3 Functions 558
2.3 Conclusion 561
2.3.1 A. Foundational principles 561
2.3.2 B. Substantive principles 562
3 Implications of the historical and current position of ‘libraries’ under copyright law for their future regulation 564
3.1 What we can learn from copyright law’s historical rationales in theory and practice 641
3.1.1 Historical rationales in theory 565
3.1.2 Historical rationales in practice 568
3.2 Space under copyright law for the library’s evolving main characteristics 571
3.2.1 Institutional organization 572
3.2.2 Purpose 576
3.2.3 Functions 578
3.3 Conclusion 585
3.3.1 A. Foundational principles 586
3.3.2 B. Substantive principles 587
4 Outlook: ‘libratory’ copyright law 593
Bibliography 597
Annex – Selection of national copyright provisions 657
