Over Rosa Koenraadt
Rosa Koenraadt is criminoloog en werk-zaam aan het Willem Pompe Instituut voor Strafrechtswetenschappen van de Universiteit Utrecht.
Rosa Koenraadt
Rosa Koenraadt is criminoloog en werk-zaam aan het Willem Pompe Instituut voor Strafrechtswetenschappen van de Universiteit Utrecht.
Meer over Rosa Koenraadt
Rosa Koenraadt
The Illicit Medicines Trade From Within
An Analysis of the Demand and Supply Sides of the Illicit Market for Lifestyle Medicines
Paperback Nederlands 2018 1e druk 9789462368262Vandaag voor 17:00 besteld, morgen in huis
Samenvatting
In recent decades all sorts of illicit medicines have been increasingly traded world-wide: from antibiotics to weight loss drugs, and antimalarial tablets to steroids. The illicit medicines market is generally associated with considerable health risks for its users, as well as with high revenues and a perceived growing degree of criminal organization. It is therefore important to gain extensive criminological insights into this global market. This book provides indepth and empirically-grounded theoretical insights into the online and offline trade in illicit pharmaceuticals, with particular reference to lifestyle pharmaceuticals.
Trade in the Netherlands and manufacturing in China are taken as extended case studies. The author primarily focuses on the activities, dynamics and structure of the illicit market in the Netherlands, and on the production and transnational distribution of illicit medicines in and from China. In order to understand how actors operate, compete and develop trust relations, as well as how the illicit market is structured, this study is built on a mixed-method approach of both qualitative and quantitative data. By means of interviews with actors directly involved in the trade, analysis of court cases, a survey study and an online analysis, this book provides thorough and rich insights into the actors, dynamics and social organization of the flourishing illicit medicines market.
The Illicit Medicines Trade from Within is part of the Pompe series; publications that combine legal and social-scientific approaches to the problems of criminal law, written by staff members of the Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology in Utrecht and by authors who share the Institute’s school of thought. Its central theme is the protection and enforcement of fundamental rights in a changing world, focussing on the position of vulnerable groups in relation to the state and on the significance of individual human rights in an international context.
Trefwoorden
illicit medicines criminologie levensstijlmedicijnen illegale markten online handel china globalisering gezondheidszorg consumentencultuur nederland sociale organisatie medicalisering vertrouwen onderzoek economische sociologie culturele criminologie risicoperceptie productie lichaamsidealen gemedieerde cultuur distributie schaamte mixed methods georganiseerde misdaad vervalsingen wetgeving handhaving consument anonimiteit erectiepillen
Trefwoorden
Specificaties
ISBN13:9789462368262
Taal:Nederlands
Bindwijze:paperback
Aantal pagina's:272
Uitgever:Eleven International Publishing
Druk:1
Verschijningsdatum:18-1-2018
Hoofdrubriek:Juridisch
Jongbloed:Strafrecht diversen
Serie:Pompe Reeks
Lezersrecensies
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Inhoudsopgave
U kunt van deze inhoudsopgave een PDF downloaden
Abstract ix
List of abbreviations xi
List of tables and figures xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction and background 1
1.1 Definitions of falsified, counterfeit, substandard or illicit medicines 3
1.2 Risks and consequences of illicit medicines 5
1.3 Globalization and global variation 6
1.4 Legislation and enforcement 9
1.5 Online trade 12
1.6 Organization of the trade 14
1.7 Illicit lifestyle medicines 15
1.8 Research questions 17
1.9 Relevance of the study 18
1.10 Overview of chapters 18
Chapter 2
Theoretical perspectives on illicit markets and medicines 21
2.1 Economic sociology, cultural criminology and illicit markets 21
2.2 The macro level: globalization, late modernity and consumerism 25
2.3 Sociology of health: identity and medicalization 28
2.4 The meso level: organized crime, social embeddedness and the structure of illicit markets 31
2.5 The micro level: dealers, entrepreneurs and consumers 35
2.6 Conclusion 39
Chapter 3
Methodological issues: researching the illicit market for lifestyle medicines 41
3.1 A mixed method approach within cultural criminology 41
3.2 Literature review 44
3.3 Interviews 45
3.3.1 Sampling and access 46
3.3.2 Trust and gender issues 48
3.3.3 Fieldwork in China 51
3.4 Online research methods 53
3.5 Use of official data 55
3.5.1 Analysis of court cases 55
3.5.2 Analysis of seizures 57
3.6 Survey study 58
3.7 Ethical concerns 61
3.8 Limitations and triangulation 63
3.9 Data analysis 64
Chapter 4
Trends, prevalence and types of illicit medicines traded in the Netherlands 67
4.1 Registered consumption of medicines in the Netherlands 68
4.2 General patterns of illicit medicines in the Netherlands 69
4.3 Types of pills and products 74
4.4 Prevalence of illicit medicines consumption 77
4.5 Profile of consumers in the Netherlands 81
4.6 Purchasing illicit medicines in the Netherlands 85
4.7 Conclusion 88
Chapter 5
Understanding the demand for (illicit) lifestyle medicines 91
5.1 The past and present of lifestyle medication 92
5.1.1 The rise of erectile dysfunction medicines 93
5.1.2 The rise of weight loss medication 96
5.2 Convenient, anonymous and cheap 99
5.3 Nonmedical consumers 105
5.4 Perception of risk 109
5.5 Shame and secrecy in a culture of perfection 114
5.6 Conclusion 117
Chapter 6
Retail level of the market: buyers, sellers and trust 119
6.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of suppliers 119
6.1.1 Gender 119
6.1.2 Age and criminal record 121
6.1.3 Professions and legal businesses 122
6.2 Online retail of medicines 124
6.2.1 Typology of websites 124
6.2.2 Motives of suppliers 128
6.3 Online trust: relationships between buyers and sellers on the internet 131
6.4 Traditional (offline) distribution channels 136
6.5 Blurring online and traditional markets 140
6.6 Conclusion 141
Chapter 7
Social organization of the market 143
7.1 Modus operandi 144
7.2 Motives of high-end suppliers 151
7.3 Market relations and online trust 154
7.4 Intertwinement of legal and illegal business 157
7.5 Market structure 160
7.6 Conclusion 164
Chapter 8
Manufacturing level: a case study on China 167
8.1 China’s role in the illicit medicines trade 168
8.2 The emerging pharmaceutical industry in China 171
8.3 Counterfeit industry in China 173
8.4 Producing illicit medicines 175
8.5 Exporting pills and powders 180
8.6 Organization of the illicit pharmaceutical trade in China 185
8.7 Conclusion 187
Chapter 9
Conclusion 189
9.1 Illicit medicines in the Netherlands 190
9.2 Consumer culture and the pursuit of a perfect body 191
9.3 Global and online trade 193
9.4 Final thoughts 196
Summary 199
Samenvatting 205
References 213
Appendix I List of interviews 239
Appendix II Checklist websites 243
Appendix III Checklist court cases 245
Appendix IV Questions first prevalence survey 247
Appendix V Questions second prevalence study 249
Acknowledgements 251
Curriculum Vitae 253
List of abbreviations xi
List of tables and figures xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction and background 1
1.1 Definitions of falsified, counterfeit, substandard or illicit medicines 3
1.2 Risks and consequences of illicit medicines 5
1.3 Globalization and global variation 6
1.4 Legislation and enforcement 9
1.5 Online trade 12
1.6 Organization of the trade 14
1.7 Illicit lifestyle medicines 15
1.8 Research questions 17
1.9 Relevance of the study 18
1.10 Overview of chapters 18
Chapter 2
Theoretical perspectives on illicit markets and medicines 21
2.1 Economic sociology, cultural criminology and illicit markets 21
2.2 The macro level: globalization, late modernity and consumerism 25
2.3 Sociology of health: identity and medicalization 28
2.4 The meso level: organized crime, social embeddedness and the structure of illicit markets 31
2.5 The micro level: dealers, entrepreneurs and consumers 35
2.6 Conclusion 39
Chapter 3
Methodological issues: researching the illicit market for lifestyle medicines 41
3.1 A mixed method approach within cultural criminology 41
3.2 Literature review 44
3.3 Interviews 45
3.3.1 Sampling and access 46
3.3.2 Trust and gender issues 48
3.3.3 Fieldwork in China 51
3.4 Online research methods 53
3.5 Use of official data 55
3.5.1 Analysis of court cases 55
3.5.2 Analysis of seizures 57
3.6 Survey study 58
3.7 Ethical concerns 61
3.8 Limitations and triangulation 63
3.9 Data analysis 64
Chapter 4
Trends, prevalence and types of illicit medicines traded in the Netherlands 67
4.1 Registered consumption of medicines in the Netherlands 68
4.2 General patterns of illicit medicines in the Netherlands 69
4.3 Types of pills and products 74
4.4 Prevalence of illicit medicines consumption 77
4.5 Profile of consumers in the Netherlands 81
4.6 Purchasing illicit medicines in the Netherlands 85
4.7 Conclusion 88
Chapter 5
Understanding the demand for (illicit) lifestyle medicines 91
5.1 The past and present of lifestyle medication 92
5.1.1 The rise of erectile dysfunction medicines 93
5.1.2 The rise of weight loss medication 96
5.2 Convenient, anonymous and cheap 99
5.3 Nonmedical consumers 105
5.4 Perception of risk 109
5.5 Shame and secrecy in a culture of perfection 114
5.6 Conclusion 117
Chapter 6
Retail level of the market: buyers, sellers and trust 119
6.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of suppliers 119
6.1.1 Gender 119
6.1.2 Age and criminal record 121
6.1.3 Professions and legal businesses 122
6.2 Online retail of medicines 124
6.2.1 Typology of websites 124
6.2.2 Motives of suppliers 128
6.3 Online trust: relationships between buyers and sellers on the internet 131
6.4 Traditional (offline) distribution channels 136
6.5 Blurring online and traditional markets 140
6.6 Conclusion 141
Chapter 7
Social organization of the market 143
7.1 Modus operandi 144
7.2 Motives of high-end suppliers 151
7.3 Market relations and online trust 154
7.4 Intertwinement of legal and illegal business 157
7.5 Market structure 160
7.6 Conclusion 164
Chapter 8
Manufacturing level: a case study on China 167
8.1 China’s role in the illicit medicines trade 168
8.2 The emerging pharmaceutical industry in China 171
8.3 Counterfeit industry in China 173
8.4 Producing illicit medicines 175
8.5 Exporting pills and powders 180
8.6 Organization of the illicit pharmaceutical trade in China 185
8.7 Conclusion 187
Chapter 9
Conclusion 189
9.1 Illicit medicines in the Netherlands 190
9.2 Consumer culture and the pursuit of a perfect body 191
9.3 Global and online trade 193
9.4 Final thoughts 196
Summary 199
Samenvatting 205
References 213
Appendix I List of interviews 239
Appendix II Checklist websites 243
Appendix III Checklist court cases 245
Appendix IV Questions first prevalence survey 247
Appendix V Questions second prevalence study 249
Acknowledgements 251
Curriculum Vitae 253
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