The World Community between Hegemony and Constitutionalism

List of Abbreviations xi
Introduction 3

Part I Power, Hegemony and Constitutionalism
1 The Meaning of Power 13
1.1 Power as an Omnipresent Phenomenon 13
1.2 Power as an Agglomerated Phenomenon 15
1.3 Power as a Diffuse Phenomenon 19
1.4 Systematic Approaches to Power 23
1.5 Concluding Remarks on Power 26

2 The Meaning of Hegemony 29
2.1 Hegemony in a Narrower Sense 30
2.2 Imperialism 34
2.3 Empire 40
2.4 Concluding Remarks on Hegemony 42

3 The Meaning of Constitutionalism 45
3.1 Theory of the Mixed Government 48
3.2 Magna Carta and Checks and Balances in the Venetian Republic 49
3.3 The Doctrine of the Separation of Powers and the Mechanism of Checks and Balances 51
3.4 Judicial Review and the Rule of Law 53
3.5 The Doctrine of Human Rights; Liberty and Equality 56
3.6 Contemporary Contributions to Constitutionalism: Coordination and Autopoiesis 58
3.7 Concluding Remarks on Constitutionalism 61

4 Antinomy between Hegemony and Constitutionalism 65
4.1 The Political Thought of John Stuart Mill 70
4.2 The Theory of Post-War International Order(s) 73
4.3 The Concept of Radical Democracy 76
4.4 Concluding Remarks on the Antinomy between Hegemony and Constitutionalism 79

Part II Power, Hegemony and Constitutionalism in International Law
5 Power and International Law 83
5.1 Power on the Law 84
5.2 Power in the Law 88
5.3 Power by the Law 98
5.4 Concluding Remarks on Power and International Law 101

6 Hegemony and International Law 103
6.1 Hegemonic International Law 103
6.2 Three Contemporary Models of Hegemonic International Law 112
6.2.1 Nationalist Model 115
6.2.1.1 United States 117
6.2.1.2 China 125
6.2.1.3 Russia 131
6.2.1.4 Conclusion on the Nationalist Model 137
6.2.2 Rational Choice Model 137
6.2.2.1 United States 140
6.2.2.2 China 144
6.2.2.3 Conclusion on the Rational Choice Model 146
6.2.3 Interventionist Model 146
6.2.3.1 United States 147
6.2.3.2 European Union 154
6.2.3.3 Russia 159
6.2.3.4 Conclusion on the Interventionist Model 162
6.2.4 Concluding Remarks on Hegemonic International Law 162

7 Constitutionalism and International Law 165
7.1 International Constitutional Law 166
7.2 Normative Function of International Constitutionalism 172
7.2.1 Fundamental Norms of the International Community 173
7.2.2 Norms in International Organizations 178
7.2.2.1 United Nations 178
7.2.2.2 World Trade Organization 179
7.2.2.3 Council of Europe 180
7.2.2.4 European Union 181
7.2.3 Conclusion on the Normative Constitutional Function 182
7.3 Institutional Function of International Constitutionalism 183
7.3.1 United Nations 184
7.3.2 World Trade Organization 187
7.3.3 Council of Europe 189
7.3.4 European Union 191
7.3.5 Conclusion on the Institutional Constitutional Function 193
7.4 Judicial Component of International Constitutionalism 193
7.4.1 Judicial Review 194
7.4.2 Erga Omnes Effects of Judgments 201
7.4.3 Remedies 203
7.4.4 Conclusion on the Judicial Constitutional Function 209
7.5 Coordinative Component of International Constitutionalism 210
7.5.1 Transgovernmental Networks 210
7.5.2 Conclusion on the Coordinative Constitutional Function 211
7.6 Self-Referential Component of International Constitutionalism 212
7.6.1 Societal Constitutionalism 212
7.6.2 Conclusion on the Self-Referential Constitutional Function 214
7.7 Concluding Remarks on International Constitutional Law 215

Part III Hegemo-Constitutional Instances in the World Community
8 International Organizations 219
8.1 The UN Security Council as a Global Legislator 220
8.2 Enhanced Cooperation in the European Union 229
8.3 Plurilateral Agreements in the World Trade Organization 238
8.4 Concluding Remarks on the Coexistence of Hegemony and Constitutionalism in International Organizations 244

9 Intervention on Humanitarian Grounds 247
9.1 The Military Intervention in Kosovo 248
9.2 The Emerging R2P Doctrine 251
9.3 Application of R2P in Practice 258
9.4 Concluding Remarks on the Coexistence of Hegemony and Constitutionalism Concerning the Intervention on Humanitarian Grounds 263

10 International Adjudication 265
10.1 Doctrinal Insights on the Interplay between Judicial Hegemony and Constitutionalism 267
10.2 Judicial Tension on the Substantive Issue of State Responsibility 268
10.3 Judicial Tension on the Procedural Issue of Jurisdiction 273
10.4 Judicial Tension in the Context of the Judicial Dialogue on the Protection of Human Rights 277
10.5 Concluding Remarks on the Coexistence of Hegemony and Constitutionalism in International Adjudication 284

Conclusion 289
Acknowledgments 297
Index 337